Traditional 2D animation

Flick book

A flip book or the other name for it is flick book, is a book with numbers of pictures that flip from one image to another, this give the illusion of the images moving like they do on cartoons, but to get this affect the person who is flipping the pages will have to do it rapidly so it looks more believable of the image moving and then it comes to life. The images on the flip book will appear to animate by simulating motion between the pages that are being flipped. Flip book designed more for children so they can enjoy reading or flipping through the pages and even they will be able to create their own flip book. But it’s not just for children flip books can be enjoyed by teenagers and adults as well. It not just hand drawn images that can have this motion on a flip book but photos can also be used which would have to be one after another to make the flip book look good as you flick through them. 

Flip book are not just separate books form other book but can also be in ordinary books or magazine and the person who has the book or magazine will be able to flip through the pages as the drawing are usually on the bottom corner of the book or magazine which allows people to flick through them and give the motion of it moving. Now a day flip book are not only in books or magazines but there is a software which allows people to create flip books on the computer which them will look more like a cartoon. But it’s the same rule where they would have to draw an image on a page and at the end flick through it to see the motion.

Flip books first appeared round September 1868, when it was introduced by John Barnes Linnett, but it was under the name Kineograph which meant moving picture. Flip books were the first form of animation to employ a linear sequence of images rather than a Phenakistoscope which was images in a circular thing which moved and it would make it look like the image was moving.

 John Barnes Linnett was a lithograph printer, Lithograph is a method for printing usein stone or a metal plate with smooth surface this was invented in 1796 by Alois Senefelder. But Pierre-Hubert Desvignes was credited with being the inventor of the flip book. Linnett was the first to patent the invention in 1868 under the name Kineograph, but Linnett of penumonia , which later his wife had sold the patent for the Kineograph to an American.

Cel animation

Cel animation is an important innovation to animation that is out today as it allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from and frame to another frame. An example of this would be a scene that has two characters on the screen, one of them is talking and the other character is standing silently, listening to the other character, since the character is standing not moving is can be displayed in this scene with using only one drawing, on a cel while the other would be multiple drawings on a multiple cels will be used to animate the character that is speaking.

In very early cartoons, which were done way before cel animation was invented, such as a cartoon which was done 1914 which was called Gertie the Dinosaur which was a short film, but every frame which was on that film was all hand drawn and I mean everything, characters, backgrounds, items, objects etc. was all done drawn on a single sheet of paper, so he took photos of them and redrawn them until he had all the frames he wanted to create his short film. But the animation was a bit jittery as the different frames were slightly different one form the other which gave it that jitterey looto it, but later the pre- cel animation was later improved by using different techniques like the slash and tear system which was invented by Raul Barre, the background and the animated obects would be drawn on speared papers. A frame was made by removing all of the blanks  parts of the paper, the objects were drawn before being placed on top of the background and then photo’d, the Cel animation processes was invented by Earl Hurd and John Bray in 1925.

 Earl Hurd was a American animator and film director, he best known for his work Silent, Bobby Bumps animated short series which he created and produced. Him and Bury where the ones who developed Cel animation. John Bury was also an American animator, he produced the second animated film which was in colour called The Debut of Thomas cat which was done in 1920.   

 Rotoscoping

Rotoscoping is an type of animation where the animators would trace over live action film movement which is done frame by frame and the drawing would be carefully drawn so it would fit in with the live action performance, for use in animated films. The original recorded live action film would be projected onto a frosted glass panel and then re drawn by the animator. This technique was called a rotoscoping, but now a days this device which has been replaced by computer and now all animations are done by computers now.

The rotoscope was invented by Max Fleischer who used this device for is series called Out of the Inkwell, which started in 1915, with his brother Dave Fleischer who was dressed in the clown in the show as the live action, the character who known as Koko the Clown.  In 1917 Max got his invention patented to protect it from anyone else taking this device. Max used his device for numbers of different project, these where later cartoons, the most famous one is the dance routine in three of the Betty Boop animation form the early 1930s and the animation called Gulliver’s Travels which was around in 1939. Max’s invention was used mostly used for the cartoon series which had action in called Superman Cartoon , in this series Superman and other characters in the shows had displayed a very realistic movement in the show.    

 Here is an example the image of the left is an movement of a real horse this would be filmed in live action which would have been shot with a camera and the film would be taken to the animator which will them place the which then would place the film frame by frame on the frosted glass and they would draw by tracing it frame by frame until it was completed and they had a full animation, the would trace over the live action horse to get the more realistic movement which them would be used in as they final animation once done and then it would be coloured in etc. until it looking like the image on the right so it would be a cartoon horse with the realistic movement of a real horse.

Drawn on film

Drawn on animation is known in different way it can be called drawn on animation film or direct animation or it can be known as also as animation without camera. Is type of animation is produced by creating the image straight on to a film stock, as to any other types of animation  where the images or items are in the photographed frame by frame without any camera.

For this type of animation there are two different methods to create this type of animation, one starts of on and blank film stock and the other type is with a black film, which is already developed. On the blank film stock this gives animators more to work with as they can draw on, paint, stamp etc. on it as to the black film it’s scratched, etched sanded or punched. The animator can use any tool as he/she wants to create these types of animation.

 Photographic stills. There is a third way to create this type of animation as well, this one is where the animators are in a dark room using unexposed film that is exposed frame by frame, the animators places an object on the fresh stock of film and then they use a small beam to create the images and once that is done it’s sent to the labs to be processed, this is just like a film that is created by camera films.

This type of animation covers any form where one drawing is replaced by another drawing and this would make a sequence. Each drawing is a tiny little bit different from the last drawing, this basically works the same way as a flipbook dose. These animated films are made up of lots of different drawings which are shown on the screen very quickly one after the other. It takes a very long time to film from start to end and needs many different animators to complete the work and to get it the way they want it to be.

Drawn on animation is a traditional animation, which is also known as a classical animation. Cel animation and drawn on animation are one of the oldest and most popular type of animation that is out there.

Kinetoscope
The Kinetioscope was created by Edison, Edison was an American who was an inventor, he came up and invented some great stuff, he took the animation to the part when he created the Kinetoschop. the Kinetscope was a box which had a whole which people can look through to see the animation which would take about 30 seconds. it not just moveing images that you see the Kinetscope also had sound so while they whatch the animation they would have what we call now headphones so they could here the sound as the animation was playing.

A Kinetscope is a dvice which allows people to view the animation through a peephole which was at the top of the device, the anaimtion would be images which are moving fast, to make them loo like they are moving images. The Kinetscope was one of the first such device to be distributed and developed. But the design proved to me a failure as it had inspired to create better ones, it could be classed as a landmark invention in the history of film. Thomas Edison created this device which was done in his laboratory where he and Willaim Dickinson came up with the idea of this device. the Kinetoscope was about four feet tall large wooden box, it had a samll brass viwer (peephole) on the top of the woodenbox which would allow people to look down and watch the film. the film, inside was set up on a looping system

Joseph Plateau (phenakitoscope),

Joseph Plateau was born on the 14^th October 1801 and then pasted away in September 1883 when he was 81.  Joseph was the first person ever to demonstrate the illusion of an image moving, how he did this was he used a counter and then rotated it with images on which have different pictures on and as it span it gave the look of the image moving like an animation today. The way that people could see the animation moving was by putting spaced slit in-between the images on the disc then people would consecrate on one spot which to see then they would be able to see the movement of the animation and making look like it’s moving. He then went on calling this device the Phenakistoscope this was around 1832.

The Phenakistoscope was the first device that was made that gave the illusion of moving images which had two discs, one which was small and the other which was biger so i would look like the imge was moving.  

William Horner (zoetrope)

William Horner who the inventor for the zoetrope, this device was invented in 1843, but it wasn’t all called a zoetrope no but had a different name to start out with, it was called Daedalum which actually meant “wheel of the Devil”, this device was based on the invention that Joseph Plateau had created which was the Phenakistoscope, but the Zoetrope was a bit more better than the Phenakistoscope because it didn’t need a viewing point or a viewing mirror that people that to look at. It also allowed more than one person to use the zoetrope at the same time. William’s Horner invention become forgotten for almost thirty year, this was wired because for a device which was more better than the last was odd, but around 1867 when an English man called M. Bradley patented it, but in American it was given the new name from Daedalum to Zoetrope or wheel of life but this was done by a man called William F. Lincoln. Which now it is known by everyone as a Zoetrope

The way the zoetrope works is by having a drum with an open top, which  is supported on a stand, inside the drum there were hand drawn picture each with a different movement so when the zoetrope was to be span around it would look like the images are moving, the hand drawn image goes all-round the drum in side, but as it spun around there where whole on the side of the drum which people would look in to see the animation, the images in the drum could be taken out and re placed by other images this gave more of a choice in which image people would like to see. To create a good illusion on the zoetrope so the images don’t look jaggy or anything, the drum is spun, but the faster it is spun then the smoother the images will look and it will look amazing. The holes on the side is where people can look in at the moving images but because there is more than one hole on this device it allows more than one person to view it at the same time.

The zoetrope is the third major optical toy out there, after the thaumatrope and phenkistoscope. But when the praxinoscope was invented interest in the zoetrope went down as the praxionscope was the new thing and then as year had got on more thing where invented which just beat the zoetrope like, photographic film in 1889, and then in 1895 modern cinema was born, which meant the zoetrope became less and less used throughout the years.   

Emile Reynaud (praxinoscope)

Emile Reynaud was the inventor of the praxinoscope which was invented in 1877; this was the first device that overcomes the picture distortion which was caused by viewing through moving slots. The image that this device produce was more brilliant than any other device that have been done, because it’s more advance than any other device that has been made the praxinoscope had quickly replaced the zoetrope and became more popular than it as well.

Picture are placed inside the shallow outer part, so that each image can be reflected by the inner set of mirrors, the amount of mirror is to how many images there. Then in images can viewed in the mirrors on the device. When the outer part of the device is rotating, it will then reflect the moving image on the mirror which the people look at and it gave out the animation feel as people watch the images moving, also it could use a light which would project the moving images on to a board or a wall so you can see them more better than looking into a mirror. For the projection on the wall way the praxinoscope would come in a box which you can set up and then place a light or lamp on top of it or on the side to make it project an image on the wall. Most of the image that where in the praxinoscope would keep on repeating them myself so it would look like that they were just consistently going, all the image have eight which images on which would have different movement on each one until the end where it will look like the first one so it could repeat itself, as was said before there are many different animation that could be placed in the praxinoscope so people could see different one, there was clown juggling balls, a dog running round its owner, a person picking up a box, these are just a few of many strips that are out there.

Emile Reynaud the inventor of this device, his father was a horologer and medal engraver, the Reynaud house was always full of mysterious object that fascinated the young Emile to come up with his own ideas, his mother was an idealist with progressive ideas where education was most concerned. Emile decided to create this very own optical toy by doing he looked at the Phenkistoscope and the Zoetrope and improving on them and then he can up with the praxinoscope and 21^st December 1877 he got the praxinoscope patented.